Whether a domain is used or not, what type of server is used etc., makes no difference at all, that just defines the logon and authentication process, and a domain can be used to push policies, making systems more secure. With policies you could of course also define what apps a user is allowed to use and what he isn't allowed to run.
What does make a difference, is that most apps need to be installed to the workstation it'll run on, as there are registry settings that need to be set etc. So even if the app is located on a shared drive, it should be installed on every workstation (the app can still be located on the server) for it to work.